Most reactions are mild (47%–95%) and the frequency of anaphylactic shock is 0.004%–0.01%. The frequency of adverse reactions to GBCA ranges from 0.04 to 2.2%.
The aim of this document is to review the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of immediate and anaphylactic reactions to gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) most commonly used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
En Medicina Nuclear se administra un radiofármaco y una gammacámara proporcionará la imagen tras la incorporación del radiofármaco a un tejido, órgano o proceso molecular determinados. La mamografía con contraste es una nueva y prometedora técnica de imagen basada en la neovascularización de los tumores, mejorando el rendimiento diagnóstico de la mamografía convencional. Los medios de contraste ecográficos han ampliado el rendimiento y aplicaciones de la ecografía, siendo los contrastes que se utilizan muy seguros y con una incidencia de efectos adversos muy baja. Los medios de contraste radiológicos se aplican por diferentes vías (oral, intravascular, rectal, ostomías, etc.) como elementos complementarios esenciales para incrementar las diferencias de densidad entre diferentes tejidos y órganos y mejorar su visualización. 
Las pruebas de imagen son una herramienta imprescindible para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de muchas enfermedades y su rendimiento aumenta con la utilización de medios de contraste. Further studies in vitro and in vivo are necessary to evaluate cell reactions to those materials, as well as the effects on bone growth and the biocompatibility of the alloying system in the body. This study confirmed the tolerance of ATDC5 cells to Mg-based materials and a chondrogenic effect of Mg-10Gd. After 7 days of culture on the materials, ATDC5 growth, distribution and ECM synthesis were higher on Mg-10Gd samples, followed by Mg-2Ag and PMg, which was influenced by the homogeneity and composition of the degradation layer. An increased metabolic activity was observed in cells cultured under the influence of Mg-10Gd extracts, indicated by an acidic pH during most of the culture period. Mg-10Gd induced an increase in production of ECM and a bigger cell size, similar to the effects found with differentiation conditions. Cells cultured in Mg-10Gd and Mg-2Ag extracts showed the same proliferation and morphology than cells cultured in growth conditions. Gene expression showed an inhibitory effect on ATDC5 mineralization with the three extracts and a chondrogenic potential of Mg-10Gd. In vitro differentiation of ATDC5 cells was evaluated under the influence of pure Mg (PMg), Mg with 10 wt% of gadolinium (Mg-10Gd) and Mg with 2 wt% of silver (Mg-2Ag) degradation products (extracts) and direct cell culture on the materials. Nevertheless effects of those materials on growth plate cartilage and chondrogenesis have not been previously evaluated. Biodegradable magnesium (Mg)-based materials are a potential alternative to permanent implants for application in children.
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